New Horizons mission: objectives, challenges and goals

 

Humans have always wanted to explore the space and its mysteries. Observation was everything we could do until 1961 when the soviet pilot  Yurin Garin became  the first man who travel to the outer space.

Unfortunately, there were other places far far away that couldn’t be easily explored by humans. Pluto, a dwarf planet discovered on February 18th in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh is 7.5 billion kilometers far from Earth so, because of the distance,  visiting that planet was just an impossible dream for humans.

Then, in 2006, the NASA sent a spacecraft to explore xxx Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. The mission was called New Horizons and it is still in progress. It was in 2015 when the spacecraft finally arrived to Pluto in order to explore the planet and identify the main characteristics of its surface and atmosphere.

Alan Stern, who is an engineer and scientist, is the man behind New Horizons investigation. Other institutions such as the NASA and the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University are also involved.

The spacecraft

A Radio Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) gives the spacecraft all the  needed energy. The RTG transforms the heat from the plutonium dioxide into electricity, that’s how this important device works. Some of the spacecraft’s elements are two computers, one high gain antenna, two backup gain antennas, one medium gain dish, a solid-state memory buffer and cameras.

As the trip was going to be long, New Horizons entered in an interval of electronic hibernation after it passed Jupiter in order to save energy. But don´t worry, it began studying Pluto´s and lesbian porn surroundings five months before its closest approach.

With a speed of 16.6 km/s and a mass of 1,058 pounds, New Horizons is the fastest spacecraft ever invented and the first one exploring the outer Solar System.

Challenges

Such a distance inevitably means an important challenge to overcome: communication. How much time does the information take to travel from Pluto to Earth?

If you think that waiting an hour to receive a message is an eternity, you will be gobsmacked as soon as you know that after the first encounter with Pluto and Charon; it took 15 months to download all the data.

15 months? Yes, remember that the spacecraft was 4.5 light hours far from Earth and it was only possible to transmit 1-2 kilobits per second.

Photos

 

Thanks to New Horizons mission, we now know more about Pluto and other bodies from the Kuiper Belt such as moons and frozen volatiles. The discoveries have opened a new era in the scientific world and maybe, they will be an inspiration for future investigations.

In the words of Alan Stern: “The data that New Horizons hentai sent back about Pluto and its system of moons has revolutionized planetary science and inspired people of all ages across the world about space exploration. It’s been a real privilege to be able to do that, for which I’ll be forever indebted to our team and our nation.”

Fortunately, the digital era has increased the access to relevant information from important institutions such as NASA so we can easily be updated about this research. In case you have not seen them, we are now going to show you some outstanding photos taken since 2015:

1.-Pluto

Let me introduce you Pluto’s real colors: charcoal black, dark orange and white. The planet takes that color due to the abundance of icy areas, nitrogen and methane.

2.- Charon

Although we already knew about the existence of this moon since 1978, the photo was taken on July 14th in 2015. Here you can admire Charon, one of the five Pluto’s moons and in fact the biggest sex videos one. Charon has ice volcanoes, mountains, canyons and cliffs so it could be considered a dwarf planet if it were not moving around Pluto.

3.- Blue sky

This photo is from August 6th, 2017 and shows a blue ring in the “sky”. The ring is produced by the combination of different chemical reactions in the atmosphere.

4.- Elements

Even though this is not officially a photo, this image was made with information given by New Horizons. Edited by Bill Keeter in 2017, the colorful diagram shows the four important elements that form Pluto: methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and water.

5.- Ultima Thule

 This photo was taken in 2019 in the Kuiper Belt and here you can see a frozen volatile named Object 2014 MU69 which is popular known as Ultima Thule.

It’s fantastic to see this images, don’t you you think? Which photo did you like the most? There is no doubt that the mission New Horizons has been crucial as it involves high technology, experts and information that help us to understand more about the galaxy. Even though we are far yet to know everything about the Solar System´s edge, we are now closer than ever before.

Polish Astronomer Discovers Four Comets and an Asteroid

Kacper Wierzchoś (@WierzchosKacper) / Twitter

Polish astronomer Kacper Wierzchos has made a remarkable discovery, discovering four comets and an asteroid! Wierzchos was born in Lublin and now works at Mt. Lemmon Sky Center Observatory near Tuscon, Arizona, part of NASA’s planetary defence program. His work has led to the discovery of four comets: C/2017 K2, 4P/Faye, Roksa and 9P.

Looking up – C/2017 K2

Kacper is part of the team that searches for potentially dangerous asteroids in the Catalina Sky Survey. He lives in Tuscon, Arizona. His discovery was made by using images from the SOHO space probe.

The first discovery was made on photographic plates on September 11, 1969. The discovery team included astronomers from the Kiev University Astronomical Observatory and the Alma-Ata Astrophysical Institute in Kazakhstan. Its most recent apparition is its ninth return to our solar system. Perihelion will occur on 2021 November 2 at 1.21 au. The closest approach will be 0.42 au on November 12 – the closest comet since 1982.

The discovery of the second comet is similar to the first. It is two to three meters across. This asteroid is named 2020 CD3. It has been tracked for six weeks. It was in a geocentric orbit since 2015. It escaped into a heliocentric orbit in May 2020. It will be closer to Earth in 2044 but will not be captured in its geocentric orbit.

The fourth comet will be C/2017 K2. It was originally discovered over three years ago but will be close to the sun on 2022 December 19 at 1.80 au. It has increased in brightness since then and should be brighter than magnitude 10.0 by early March. It will pass through Ophiuchus (Feb. 1 – March 8) and Aquila (March 8-30), and will remain in the southern sky during the rest of the month.

Since the discovery of these bodies, the astronomers have been looking for their moons.

Until now, there have been only five moons of Pluto confirmed. However, this number may be higher. There are also moons of Mars. One of them, named Phobos, is thought to have been captured by a comet. Despite this, scientists still do not know whether these objects are comets.

The other two comets are classified as short-period comets. They have a well-known shape and size, but do not exhibit comet-like activity. Around one million asteroids have been discovered, with more to be found. In fact, small asteroids may enter the atmosphere of Earth and produce shooting stars. The next comet may be the most important comet ever discovered.

The second comet is 9P, which was detected by the Deep Impact mission in the early 20th century. Deep Impact did not image its surface post-impact. However, the Deep Impact mission and Deep Impact II managed to measure the comet’s nucleus. Its nucleus is seven and a half kilometres across and three and a half miles wide.

Kacper Wierzchoś – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia

Discovering danger

The discovery of a new asteroid by Polish astronomer Dr Kacper Wierzchos is making headlines worldwide. Wierzchos has been part of the team of scientists who are trying to discover potentially dangerous asteroids. He lives in Tuscon, Arizona. While his research focuses on the solar system, his discoveries have been hailed as a major advance in the field of astronomy.

In addition to comets, Wierzchos discovered an asteroid. In his discovery, he used a telescope to study the asteroid’s activity in the distant solar system. Although he used a small telescope and a pair of binoculars to observe the comet, the images reveal a ghostly tail. Wierzchos also hopes to discover comets that are not currently known to science.

On January 17, 2017, the asteroid was first reported on comets-ml. On December 15, the asteroid appeared in a SWAN image but was only 1-2 magnitudes brighter than its absolute magnitude. This comes as no surprise since the comet had barely survived perihelion. Early April, STEREO XVIDEOS images showed it was a debris train, not an active comet. On February 19, the same imagers discovered a debris train of the comet, and it was then estimated to be of magnitude 14. But the newest images suggest a weak condensation of the comet at about 13th magnitude, which is far from its nominal G value.

The comets are mainly in the 8th to tenth magnitude range.

The discoveries of four comets and an asteroid by Dr Wierzchos are a significant milestone in the history of space science. The new discoveries will help us understand more about the origins of space and how it impacts our solar system. It will also provide us with new ideas on how to protect our planet against future comet impacts.

Leonard will spend its entire month in Gemini, well placed for evening viewing from both hemispheres. This comet will brighten steadily throughout the month, and will remain at a 9th magnitude for the rest of February and March. It is predicted that it will remain a 9th magnitude object through the whole month of February. In addition, the comet is predicted to be at the same magnitude throughout February and March.

The discovery of four comets and an asteroid came after a long search for similar objects. While Earth has a moon, asteroids are distinctly different. They have smaller masses and behave differently. The asteroid was discovered as part of a project to explore objects that orbit near our planet. The next discovery will likely be a new asteroid, but the two previously discovered objects will remain mysterious until their discovery.

The fourth comet, Don Quixote, was discovered in 1983. It was compared to comets that are more active. Observations continued until January 28, when Chris Wyatt measured it at 8.5 in a 25cm reflector. The overall light curve of the comet was consistent, suggesting that it contains H2O.

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A big round to the earth

Astronomers at the Mt. Lemmon Sky Center Observatory have discovered four comets and one asteroid in recent months. A new one, called 2020 CD3, will cross the Earth’s orbit in about 10 years. In other words, the impact will be delayed for at least 10 years. Scientists are still debating the precise time of the showup

One of the comets was named Tempel. Its perihelion was 1.53 au at its discovery. It increased to 1.75 au in 1870 and 1.9 au in 1881, but its return was missed for nearly eighty years. Then it dropped to 1.69 au in 1944 and 1.53 au in 1955. The 1961 return was another missed opportunity.

Kacper Wierzchos began studying astronomy at a young age when he observed a planet in front of the solar disk. His observations captured this event and gained him international attention. His work in astronomy led to his eventual career as an astronomer. He had always dreamed of spending time alone in an observatory searching for asteroids and comets.

The next comet that Wierzchos found is named Echeclus. It orbits between Jupiter and Neptune. It is a member of the centaur group and has come close to Earth several times. Last year, Wierzchos found that Echeclus has comet-like activity. It could be ejecting carbon monoxide.

The current apparition of 67P is its ninth observed return.

Visual observers have measured its diameter to be 3 to 5′. Imagers have traced the tail to almost a degree. The brightness is expected to be around magnitude 10.5 in mid-February, fading to near-magnitude 12 by March. Its nongravitational parameters are -1.9304.

The comet C/2021 F1 was discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey and Pan-STARRS on Haleakala on 2021 March 19. It was classified as an asteroidal and designated A/2021 F1. Follow-up observations confirmed the comet was inactive. The comet C/2021 F1 is eight km across and has an albedo of 0.04.

The astronomers also found a new asteroid, named P/2014 Y. It is the fourth comet ever discovered by the Minor Planet Center. A team led by Womack and Wierzchos surveyed the night sky and found a comet in the process. The discovery was confirmed by the Minor Planet Center. Observations confirmed the discovery, and the orbit of the comet indicates that it entered the orbit about three years ago.

These new discoveries made it possible to compare the comet’s rotational period and gas production rate. These data indicate that Don Quixote (3552) is the weakest comet currently. These observations indicate that the comet may contain some water. In the future, further discoveries will help astronomers better understand the formation of planets and moons.

Dutch astronomers will study distant galaxies with Webb Telescope

Mariska Creek, an astronomer at the Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands, plans to use the Webb telescope to study distant galaxies that no longer form stars. Webbs’ infrared image will allow studying, for example, the period from about 400,000 to 1 billion years after the Big Bang, when the first stars and galaxies illuminated the universe. Webbs’ infrared image will illustrate the exploration of the range from about 400,000 to 1 billion years after the Big Bang when the universe was illuminated by primordial stars and galaxies. Because it can detect faint purple objects, Webb is poised to peer into the first stars and galaxies that formed after the Big Bang that created the universe 13.8 billion years ago.

Weber can even glimpse the ongoing formation of stars and planets through the nebula enveloped in dust and gas. The infrared observatory is often considered Hubble’s successor, but Hubble observes visible and ultraviolet photons, while Weber focuses on near-infrared wavelengths (0.6 to 28.3 microns). The instrument on the Hubble Telescope can also observe a small part of the infrared spectrum, it might even go as far as to reach all the gratis porno the web has to offer but Weber mainly sees the infrared spectrum, which covers a wider range of wavelengths.

Although these distant galaxies were discovered decades ago, they are notoriously difficult to see with “classical” optical telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope.

Future observations will reveal these star groups for the first time and help resolve long-standing disputes about their nature. For example, the proposed COSMOS-Webb project aims to explore the universe 400,000-1 billion years after the Big Bang, when the first stars just started to glow, exploring the same sky as the famous Hubble Deep Field. This $11 billion mission also explored other worlds outside the solar system, namely exoplanets.

In 1989, I saw the Webb telescope for the first time at a seminar at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland. During the 10-year survey in 2001, the giant folding telescope was formally proposed as the main force in the near-infrared that can explore everything from the exoplanet system to the first universe. According to astronomers, only NASA can do this, noting that it may be ready in 2040 and will cost 11 billion U.S. dollars. NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has made discoveries for more than 30 years. However, its successor, the James Webb Space Telescope, will see the universe from a new perspective.

The Hubble Space Telescope, which has changed our understanding of space in the past 31 years, is about 100 times stronger than its predecessor. Webb will reveal the previously hidden aspects of the universe. Compared with the Hubble Space Telescope, the predecessor that has changed our understanding of space in the past 31 years, Weber’s efficiency has increased by about 100 times, and Webb will uncover the hidden elements of the universe ahead of time. Although missions such as NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope and the European Space Agency’s Herschel Space Observatory have provided us with spectacular views of the infrared universe, Weber will open the door to this field of astronomy. The James Webb Space Telescope will be able to look back on the past earlier than Hubble or Chandra, two great observers of NASA.

El sucesor del Hubble: el telescopio espacial James Webb — Cuaderno de  Cultura Científica

A long wait but worth it

After launching, it will take about six months for Webb to start scientific observations. Once launched, it will take about a month for Weber to reach the final orbit 1 million miles from the earth, the second Lagrangian point. European astronomers will get at least 15% of the observation time, and Canadian astronomers will get at least 5% of the observation time because of their contribution to Webb’s space agency.

Webb is one of the most complex and expensive telescopes ever built. According to Nestor Espinoza, an astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute, repeated delays in Webb’s design and construction have benefited exoplanet researchers. But Webb’s huge mirror and a set of sensitive instruments (see New Eye in the Sky) mean its results will surpass those of any previous infrared space telescope, scientists say.

Scientists say that Webb’s huge mirror and a beautiful set of equipment means that its results will exceed any previous infrared telescope. Evine’s upcoming planetary disk research keeps her relatively close to home, but with James Webb, we will also be able to zoom in on the area farther than ever. “We will observe the most distant quasar in the universe,” scientists have said.

The long-awaited telescope will study the origin of black holes. Just this year, there was controversy over whether the telescope should stay named after James’. Weber led NASA in the 1960s.

A total of 860 white papers were reviewed, describing the telescopes that can be built, the space missions that need to be launched, the experiments or observations that need to be performed, and the diversity of issues that the astronomy community needs to solve. This time, the supermassive black hole is about to collide (250 million years later).

Scientists hope to solve the mystery as New Horizons approaches Pluto. New Horizons xhamster took six black and white photographs of Pluto and Charon between June 23 and 29. According to NASA, this is the first color image developed by a spacecraft approaching Pluto and Charon. Once the picture returned home, it stunned scientists.

The spacecraft’s camera captured more than a dozen thin layers of haze in Pluto’s atmosphere at least 60 miles (100 kilometers) above the surface. NASA says the image shows layers of haze that are many times higher than expected. The photographs taken by New Horizons shortly before its closest approach to Pluto on July 14 are the clearest images of Pluto’s diverse terrain to date.

It brings back a colorful annotated version of Pluto, taken 15 minutes after its closest encounter, as the New Horizons spacecraft looked up at the sun. It captured a near-sunset view of the rugged icy mountains and plains, ice extending to Pluto’s horizon. NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made history in 2015 by flying close to Pluto and sending the first close-up photos of the planet and its moon before relaying them back to Earth. The deep reddish material visible in large areas around Pluto’s equator, which NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft captured during its July 2015 landing approach, is one of the most striking aspects of the dwarf planet.

James Webb, el telescopio espacial que verá estrellas donde el Hubble solo  pudo captar polvo

A great proof of the marvel that awaits for us

The image on the right shows a series of dark spots equally spaced from Pluto’s equator. In general, the world is much darker than Pluto and has a dark red pole called the Mordor macula, which is believed to be colored by molecules spreading from Pluto. Scientists speculate that the reddish spots are the result of tholins, organic compounds formed in the atmosphere when ultraviolet or cosmic radiation heats carbon, methane, and carbon dioxide-containing compounds, which are then deposited on planetary surfaces.

The bright brown/red areas were previously thought to be caused by molecules known as tholins. While this does not rule out the existence of tholins on Pluto’s surface and hence a reddish color, the researchers speculate that there may be more molecules and matter in play. They also suggested that these molecules may have entered temporary pools of heated liquid water that formed after the impact melted much of Pluto’s surface.

Until the New Horizons flew away, decades of observations on Earth showed that large numbers of molecules left Pluto’s gravity and spread through space. Scientists have suggested that as Pluto moves away from the Sun, its atmosphere freezes and collapses, raining down on the planet’s surfaces. Bloated Pluto, the nitrogenous atmosphere, was discovered in 1988 when light from a distant star shone through its layers. On February 4, 2015, NASA released a photograph of the hills floating on Pluto’s surface.

We still need to wait for results

New Horizons photographed what scientists call “blades” near the heart-shaped region of the dwarf planet. The animation ends with images of approximately 2.1 kilometers per pixel as apparent altitude increases tenfold to approximately 1,500 miles (2,500 kilometers) as the viewer’s point of view changes from close-up to the fast-growing disc of Pluto to reveal approximately 80% of the hemisphere New Horizons approached on July 14, 2015. This image, released on July 15, shows stunning new details of Pluto’s largest moon, Charon. On the way to Pluto, New Horizons took these photographs of Jupiter’s four large “Galilean” moons.

A separate team of researchers suggests that the mysterious dark reddish-redtube stripes at Pluto’s equators may have resulted from a massive collision that helped build the largest moon of Charon among the dwarf planets. While scientists speculate about Pluto’s dark gray moon, they are also looking for a hint of how the binary system of planets formed.

At this point, they suspect that this is similar to the result of a huge collision that formed the moon. Its proximity to the red planet prompted JAXA scientists and engineers to consider the possibility of detecting microbial remains on Mars on the surface of the moon. To understand how likely it is that the JAXA Mars shot will detect the remnants of life on Phobos on Mars, it is important to understand why scientists believe that Mars itself may be habitable in its ancient past. Love and other scholars believe that Columbia Mountain was once the location of ancient hot springs.

La NASA revela que hay más de 300 formas en que su telescopio espacial James  Webb podría FALLAR - Noticias del Mundo en español

A great adventure, far from home

Usui notes that scientists are still unsure about “surface conditions” and which rocks might clog Phobos. More research and experimentation are needed to determine the exact cause of Pluto’s red plains, while the team plans future experiments to better understand how the planet’s surface interacts with its atmosphere. However, there are still many unanswered concerns about Pluto’s huge red spots. Although scientists have put forward the idea of ​​a return mission to Pluto, NASA has no official plans to return to the dwarf planet anytime soon.

Now, for the first time in human history, you can embark on an unimaginable journey over Pluto, the most distant planetary system ever explored by an emissary from Earth, thanks to the team that pushed NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft to its borders.

He produced synthesized tholins, which were submillimeter-sized spherical particles that the research team could illuminate to assess reflections from light bouncing off Pluto, as discovered by New Horizons. According to New Scientist, their mission was to study a curious phenomenon on the surface of dwarf planets that was first noticed by NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft in 2015. The second suggests that Phobos was created after a dwarf planet, about 14 times the size of Pluto, and deviated from it. to Mars, throwing rocks into orbit that eventually coalesced to form the Moon.

An interesting discovery: Oumuamua a Pluto-like exoplanet

Astronomers at Arizona State University reported this week the discovery of a bizarre object that appears to be made of frozen nitrogen. Astronomers from Arizona State Astronomers published two new studies this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research. A planet made up of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, two of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Researchers say that Oumuamua is a chip from Pluto-like an exoplanet covered in nitrogen ice – and is about the size and shape of an Earth-sized planet.

Oumuamua could be a fragment of an extrasolar ice planet like Pluto. Astronomers have proposed a new hypothesis on the origin of the interstellar object. The new theory suggests that the strange thing could be similar to a planet blown off in a massive collision with another world. It posits that it could be the result of a piece thrown from Pluto’s outer reaches as it was thrown out of its orbit around the Sun.

The new hypothesis is similar to that of scientists at Yale last year, who suggested an “icy hydrogen iceberg” in Oumuamua’s orbit around the Sun. It was proposed by a team of scientists from Yale and the University of California, San Diego, in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The new hypotheses are identical to those proposed last year.

Similar

Back then, the Kuiper Belt objects around Neptune were much smaller than today, including thousands of Pluto-like nitrogen-iced bodies. Still, then they were only a fraction of what we are today. DesCh and Jackson calculated that these choppy ice masses – made up of solid nitrogen – could break off at a rate of about 1,000 per year, enough to be seen even with the Hubble Space Telescope.

If Oumuamua is really made of nitrogen ice, it allows us to draw some exciting conclusions. It could be part of a Pluto-like celestial body orbiting an alien planetary system, or it could really be an unusual object of nitrogen ice. If so, could it really be a relic of another world, or could it really be the remnants of our world?

These “frightening” objects are likely to pass through some of these “strangely large” bodies in the Kuiper Belt around Neptune, which form what the researchers call “cookies”. A piece of nitrogen ice about the size of a football field and about 1,000 times the size of Earth.

Oumuamua does not behave like a fragment of Pluto-like an extrasolar world that was forcibly thrown out of its star system millions or billions of years ago. In that case, it will allow scientists to look at the solar system’s extras in ways they have not been able to before.

Theorized

According to the theory, Jupiter could have been formed by Jupiter’s collision with its parent star, the Sun, and the solar system’s formation. The IAU Minor Planet CenterIAU Minor Planet Center, based at Harvard – Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, was responsible for identifying, determining and computing Oumuamua’s orbit around the Sun and other extrasolar planets in the solar system.

Initially, researchers were fiercely debating whether Oumuamua was an asteroid or a comet. Some even suggested it could be an alien artefact.

Speculation is flying back and forth between a comet and an asteroid.

 

 

What do you have to know about Pluto?


Pluto is like a baby planet due to its size in comparison with the rest of the planets in our Solar System. But size is not related to greatness and there are many facts you have to know about this interesting planet that really deserves your attention. So we are going to explain you the most important ones.

Why is it called Pluto?

It was February 18th in 1930 when an american astronomer named Clyde Tombaugh discovered a new planet. On the other side of the world, in England, a man read about it in the newspaper and his eleven year old granddaughter, Venethia, suggested the name of Pluto.

Then, the man sent the suggestion to the astronomer Herbert Hall Turner who thought it was a great idea. Then, on May 1st in 1930, Pluto became the official name for that planet thanks to Venethia Burney.

Is Pluto really small or it is just a myth?

Have you noticed the size of The Moon? Well, Pluto is smaller at that’s why it is known as a dwarf planet since filmpornofrancais.fr due to its 2300 kilometers wide. So yes, if we compare it with other planets, it is really small.

You may be considered just a little point in the galaxy but for others you can be the king.
That’s exactly what happens with Pluto. Even though it is not a formal planet,it is the biggest icy body in the Kuiper Belt where it belongs to.

Where is Pluto?

Pluto is farther from the sun than any other planet in the Solar System. How far? 5.9 billion kilometers! Think about that distance and you will understand why Pluto’s temperature is always below zero.


While the other planets travel around the sun in a circular route, Pluto takes an oval-shaped movement. This means the sun appears to be a far heat star difficult to see. As a consequence, the temperature is always between -240 and -218 Celcius grades.

Is Pluto alone?

No, it has five moons around:Charon, Kerberos, Styx, Nix and Hydra. Because of their size, the pornhub scientist Mark R. Showalter said: “The moons form a series of a neatly nested orbits, a bit like Russian dolls.”

As Pluto’s name derives from a namesake given to Ades, the moons also received their name from mythological underworld figures.

If you lived in Pluto, you would not be able to look all the moons such as Charon, which can only be seen from just one side of the planet.

We previously mentioned that Pluto belongs to the Kuiper Belt in the outer Solar System.
There, you can find different kinds of asteroids and other dwarf planets like Haumea and Makemake (both smaller than Pluto).

Have we travelled to Pluto?

We as humans no but robots monitored by us, yes. In 2006 a mission from the NASA called New Horizons sent a spacecraft that finally arrived to Pluto in 2015.

The mission is still in progress and the objectives were to explore the Kuiper Belt as well as other trans neptunian objects and, identify the main characteristics of Pluto such as its morphology and the surface composition.

Thanks to this expedition, we now have some Pluto’s images since 2015 in which we can observe ice mountains, glaciers and the blue sky.

One of those photos is the following one in which we can see free porn a blue ring formed as a result of the interaction among the sunlight,methane and other Pluto’s elements from the atmosphere.

It is important to mention that when Pluto moves away from the sun, that blue ring can not be seen because the atmosphere freezes again.

Another interesting discovery was that near Pluto’s South Pole, two mountains made of ice were found and it is believed that they used to be cryovolcanos.

The amazing information about that discovery is that those kind of volcanoes were completely different from the ones we already know. Why? Well,they throw ice instead of lava.

Other interesting facts about Pluto

It may sounds weird but Pluto rotates around the sun in a different direction from the rest of the planets we know. The orbital period lasts 248 years, 197 days and 5.5 hours in a speed of 4.7 kilometers per second. A day in Pluto is the equivalent of 6.39 Earth’s days.

Pluto’s surface and atmosphere are composed by methane, nitrogen ice and carbon monoxide. The combination of these elements produce the particular planet’s color which is a combination of charcoal black, dark orange and white.

To sum up, Pluto is a small but extraordinary planet with many qualities that deserve to be studied in the coming years. Meanwhile, follow this website to know more about what has
been already discovered.

Pluto is farther from the sun than any other planet in the Solar System. How far? 5.9 billion kilometers! Think about that distance and you will understand why Pluto’s temperature is always below zero.

Pluto is farther from the sun than any other planet in the Solar System. How far? 5.9 billion kilometers! Think about that distance and you will understand why Pluto’s temperature is always below zero. While the other planets travel around the sun in a circular route, Pluto takes an oval-shaped
movement. This means the sun appears to be a far heat star difficult to see. As a consequence, the temperature is always between -240 and -218 Celcius grades.

Is Pluto alone?

No, it has five moons around:Charon, Kerberos, Styx, Nix and Hydra. Because of their size, the scientist Mark R. Showalter said: “The moons form a series of a neatly nested orbits, a bit like Russian dolls.”

As Pluto’s name derives from a namesake given to Ades, the moons also received their name from mythological underworld figures.

If you lived in Pluto, you would not be able to look all the moons such as Charon, which can only be seen from just one side of the planet.

We previously mentioned that Pluto belongs to the Kuiper Belt in the outer Solar System.

There, you can find different kinds of asteroids and other dwarf planets like Haumea and Makemake (both smaller than Pluto).

Have we travelled to Pluto?

We as humans no but robots monitored by us, yes. In 2006 a mission from the NASA called New Horizons sent a spacecraft that finally arrived to Pluto in 2015.

The mission is still in progress and the objectives were to explore the Kuiper Belt as well as other trans neptunian objects and, identify the main characteristics of Pluto such as its morphology and the surface composition.

Thanks to this expedition, we now have some Pluto’s images since 2015 in which we can observe ice mountains, glaciers and the blue sky.

One of those photos is the following one in which we can see a blue ring formed as a result of the interaction among the sunlight,methane and other

Pluto’s elements from the
atmosphere.
It is important to mention that when Pluto moves away from the sun, that blue ring can not
be seen because the atmosphere freezes again.
Another interesting discovery was that near Pluto’s South Pole, two mountains made of ice
were found and it is believed that they used to be cryovolcanos.
The amazing information about that discovery is that those kind of volcanoes were
completely different from the ones we already know. Why? Well,they throw ice instead of
lava.
Other interesting facts about Pluto
It may sounds weird but Pluto rotates around the sun in a different direction from the rest of
the planets we know. The orbital period lasts 248 years, 197 days and 5.5 hours in a speed
of 4.7 kilometers per second. A day in Pluto is the equivalent of 6.39 Earth’s days.
Pluto’s surface and atmosphere are composed by methane, nitrogen ice and carbon
monoxide. The combination of these elements produce the particular planet’s color which is
a combination of charcoal black, dark orange and white.
To sum up, Pluto is a small but extraordinary planet with many qualities that deserve to be
studied in the coming years. Meanwhile, follow this website to know more about what has
been already discovered.

Pluto’s elements from the atmosphere.

It is important to mention that when Pluto moves away from the sun, that blue ring can not be seen because the atmosphere freezes again.

Another interesting discovery was that near Pluto’s South Pole, two mountains made of ice were found and it is believed that they used to be cryovolcanos.


The amazing information about that discovery is that those kind of volcanoes were completely different from the ones we already know. Why? Well,they throw ice instead of lava.

Other interesting facts about Pluto

It may sounds weird but Pluto rotates around the sun in a different direction from the rest of the planets we know. The orbital period lasts 248 years, 197 days and 5.5 hours in a speed of 4.7 kilometers per second. A day in Pluto is the equivalent of 6.39 Earth’s days.

Pluto’s surface and atmosphere are composed by methane, nitrogen ice and carbon monoxide. The combination of these elements produce the particular planet’s color which is a combination of charcoal black, dark orange and white.

To sum up, Pluto is a small but extraordinary planet with many qualities that deserve to be studied in the coming years. Meanwhile, follow this website to know more about what has been already discovered.

Pluto and its new maps caught by The New Horizons

There has been some time since the probe named New Horizons had the mission of receiving brand new information about Pluto and its moons. As it is so far away from the Earth, we still have some doubts about its composition and even some experts still consider that hundreds of years would be necessary to get meaningful data about the dwarf planet. Thankfully, the last reports of the NASA show us great detailed pictures of Pluto and one of its moons, Charon. Thankfully, we did not have to wait so much.

Description of the Pluto

Before starting with the new information received about Pluto, we are going to summarize some information about it. Pluto is considered a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, although it was considered a planet for many years. At the same time, Pluto was the first object to be discovered in that ring of bodies. Being discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 as the ninth planet from the Sun, many researchers questioned due to the discovery of similar objects in size in the after mentioned Kuiper belt.

 At the end, the IAU (International Astronomical Union) decided to redefine the term “planet”. That definition reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet, not like the standards. But we have to remember that even though is smaller than other planets, it still having moons. It is known for having five moons: Charon (the largest, with a diameter just over half that of Pluto), Styx, Nix, Kerberos and Hydra. And all those information and further details are being researched thanks to space probes, such as the current New Horizons.

The New Horizon’s 

The interplanetary space probe known as New Horizons was launched as a part of NASA’s New Frontiers program. The spacecraft was launched in 2006 with the primary mission of watching details of Pluto in 2015, and a secondary mission to fly and study one or more of the other Kuiper belt objects in the next decade. It is the first spacecraft in history to have ever explored the Pluto, and it is going to fulfill some other missions in the future.

By using the telescope with an 8.2-inch aperture named the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI), scientists could catch amazing pictures of Pluto. This would be impossible in normal circumstances, but the New Horizon’s telescope has a digital camera able to withstand the savage cold of the space. Although many researchers doubted that LORRI could have success, in 2015 the results were simply shocking.

Thanks to the New Horizons space probe, amazing data (in form of maps) has been collected about Pluto and its moon Charon. Those maps help us to have a better understanding about the geography of the dwarf planet and its moon.

Pluto’s geography updates

The level of detail is simply wonderful. The cartographic and topographic maps detail many aspects of Pluto. Before it was just a dream but thanks to the pictures, now we can see the Sputnik Planitia, an ice sheet of 625 miles that is on the average of 1.5 miles thick, now considered the lowest known area on Pluto’s surface. 

The maps also offer new looks to the Tenzing Montes, the tallest mountain range on Pluto. Formed at the southwestern margins of the Sputnik Planitia, the mountain icy peaks have steep slopes of 40 degrees. Even the highest peak of Pluto can be perceived too. This is named Nepalese (based on the climber Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, companion of Edmund Hillary) and its range is the highest peak of the dwarf planet, as it is approximately 3.7 miles above Pluto’s mean elevation, equivalent to the planet’s sea level. It is important to remark that the nitrogen ice that makes up the Sputnik Planitia, for example, would be too weak to maintain a mountain range even in Pluto’s low gravity.

Charon, one of the moons of Pluto

Charon interestingly described in the map too. The tiny moon has depressions of 8.7 miles deep, being deeper than the Marianas Trench, and the maps reaffirm that Charon likely has volcanoes of ice (known as Cryovolcanoes).

Some information unknown by scientists about the distant celestial bodies was revealed. such as the longest continuous feature on Pluto that is apparently an eroded ridge and trough system stretching 1864 miles from north to south alongside the western side of the Sputnik Planitia. Researchers still do not know how that fracture was formed.

Now that the maps are available to the public, everyone is going to enjoy Pluto’s surface. Additionally, some research papers are describing the maps that have been published in the journal Icarus. The Scientifics and people of the world are very grateful to the New Horizons project, and we cannot wait until this probe is going to give us more information for mankind, as it woke up of a recent hibernation. Next, we hope to watch pictures of the asteroid known as the Ultima Thule. Until that happens, we are going to be waiting for further updates of the NASA about Pluto. 

The Kuiper belt and its relation with Pluto

In the outer Solar Sytem there is a zone which is known as the Kuiper belt. It orbits around the sun and receives its name in honour to the Ducth-American astronomer Gerard Kuiper who predicted the existence of this belt in 1951 but…what is exactly  the Kuiper belt ? What is the relation between the Kuiper belt and Pluto?

History

In 1930, Kenneth Edgeworth suggested the idea that there was a group of bodies beyond Neptune besides  Pluto ( which was discovered  by Clyde Tombaugh the same year) . Then in 1951, Gerard Kuiper rekindle that idea in his investigations.

NASA´s  Pioneer 10 spacecraft  entered to an area beyond Neptune in 1983 but did not explore it. Despite all these assumptions about  the Kuiper belt, it was until 1992  when David Jewitt and Jane Lu officially confirmed its existence thanks to the technology advances in telescopes. 

Fourteen years later (2006), the NASA sent the first spacecraft to explore the Kuiper belt and Pluto in a mission named New Horizons. In 2015, the device arrived to  that area. In 2016 we finally saw a Pluto´s photo and in  2019 we were able to observe an image about a Kuiper Belt Object (KBO) for the first time. That KBO is named  2014 MU69 but is better known as Ultima Thule. 

What is the Kuiper belt like?

The Kuiper belt is an area  located in the outer sexoquente.blog and its distance from the sun is like going from earth to sun 30 times!  This means it  is far away  from the sun and that’s basically why in the belt you may see frozen volatiles popular known as KBO´s  or Trans neptunian objects (TNO´s) and other icy objects. 

The Kuiper belt´s inner edge starts at Neptuno´s orbit and as we were saying, it is  mainly formed by frosty bodies that are smaller than the moon that orbits around Earth  despite the fact that some of them are planets such as Pluto.  

 Astronomers think that the objects found there, may be leftovers from the Big Bang explosion which originates the universe but were affected by Neptune’s  gravitational influence and that’s why they are dispersed. According to the NASA, there is where some  comets come.

Scientists believe that the study of the Kuiper Belt may help us to understand more about how planets are formed and the way they migrate.  Alan Steirn said: “We have firm evidence that many KBOs (including some large ones like Pluto), were born much closer to the Sun, in the region where the giant planets now orbit.”

Even though the Kuiper belt may be confused and compared with the Asteroid belt located between Mars and Jupiter, the main difference relays in the kind of rocks. All Kuiper belt´s asteroids are icy while in the Asteroid belt the main components are metal and rock.  

There are two kinds of asteroids in the Kuiper belt: dynamically cold population  and dynamically hot population. It is important to highlight that  the names are not related to the temperature, they were classified according to their analogy with gas particulas. 

What can I find in the Kuiper belt?

In the Kupper belt you can find asteroids,KBO´s, TNO´s, moons and dwarf planets.  The biggest planet is  Pluto (2300 kilometers wide) and has five moons around it:Charon, Kerberos, Styx, Nix and Hydra.

As we were saying, the temperature in the belt  is very freezing  so  Puto’s  temperature is commonly  between  -240 and -218 Celcius grades, as hot as brazil’s hottest brasileirinhas.  Pluto is composed by methane, nitrogen ice, carbon monoxide and water.Then  it is not surprising to find  cryovolcanoes ( volcanoes that throw ice instead of lava).

There are other dwarf planets smaller than Pluto in the Kuiper Belt such as  Haumea Makemake and Eris.  Like Pluto, these planets also have their own moons; Haumea has two (Namaka and Hi´iaka), Makemake has one (Mk2) as well as  Eris (Dysnomia).

Just to compare Earth with the dwarf planets previously mentioned, check the following data which corresponds to the radius of each planet:

Earth: 6,371 kilometers 

Pluto:1,188 kilometers 

Eris: 1,163 kilometers

Makemake: 715 kilometers

Haumea: 620 kilometers 

Is there something beyond the Kuiper Belt?

In 1950 Jan Hendrik Oort, based on his observations, proposed the idea that there is something beyond the Kuiper belt. That zone was named the Oort cloud but it has not been researched as it is too far to be observed by porno carioca. Maybe in the future we will know more about Oort.

Due to New Horizons´ research, we have more precise information about the Kuiper belt and Pluto and we are sure that in the coming years more relevant information will be discovered.

Meanwhile let’s be on the lookout of new NASA discoveries and continue reading ouR articles so that you can be well informed.